Authors: O. G. PETROVA, doctor of veterinary sciences, professor,
M. I. BARASHKIN, doctor of veterinary sciences, professor,
V. M. USEVYCH, candidate of veterinary sciences, associate professor,
I. M. MILLSTEIN, candidate of veterinary sciences, associate professor, Ural State Agrarian University (42 K. Liebknekhta Str., 620075, Ekaterinburg)
Keywords: metagenomic landscape, animals, lung diseases, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, metagenomic analysis, infectious diagnostics, genomics, genetic material.
Abstract. The bronchopulmonary system and, above all, the upper respiratory tract contain a microbial community with high diversity. A significant proportion of them are in relation to animal commentators, but a wide range of bacteria and viruses that are constantly or fall into the respiratory tract from the environment, are pathogenic and opportunistic. It is known that the upper respiratory tract is the main place of infection in the body of cattle, and, according to veterinary statistics, the most frequently reported infectious diseases are viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The main bacterial agents located in the bronchopulmonary tract are bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, Pasteurella, Salmonella. At the same time, colonization of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract by these opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, as a rule, increases the risk of pneumonia. The mechanisms of such interaction of microorganisms are currently unknown. Among pathogenic viruses, the most well-known are viruses of infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea-diseases of the mucous membranes, causing regular epizootics. One of the most important objects of study of metagenomics is a symbiotic microbiome of an animal. It is not just a collection of microorganisms that live in the body of the animal and on its surface, but a complex and multicomponent system with an internal structure, dynamics, actively interacting in a number of aspects with the host organism. The pathogenesis of many diseases and at the same time methods of their treatment are directly or indi- rectly related to the enzymatic and biochemical activity of the microflora and its effect on the animal’s body. All this explains the growing interest in metagenomic studies. Therefore, the study of metagenomes of the respiratory tract is one of the most important tasks of modern veterinary medicine.
